AerodynamicsQuestion 487 of 934

Which of these is one of the four elements of the left turning tendency?

  1. Adverse aileron drag
  2. Ground effect
  3. Gyroscopic action of the propeller
  4. Wingtip vortices
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Correct answer: Gyroscopic action of the propeller

The four elements are torque reaction, corkscrewing slipstream, gyroscopic action, and P-factor.

Source: Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (FAA-H-8083-25C), Chapter 5: Aerodynamics of Flight — Torque and P-Factor, page 128

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Questions last reviewed: 18 October 2026